Analyzing the mediating role of political and cultural intelligence of human resources between moral leadership and organizational change

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Social Sciences, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran

2 Professor, Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Social Sciences, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran

3 Business Adminstration, faculty of Management, Payame Noor university

10.22080/shrm.2022.3823

Abstract

Undoubtedly, in the current dynamic environment of organizations, the role of ethical leaders in organizational change is crucial. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of ethical leadership on organizational change through the mediating role of political and cultural intelligence. The population includes all the managers and employees of Meshgin Shahr municipality in Iran with 517 persons. According to Morgan table, 220 persons of them were surveyed using convenience sampling method. Data were collected using standard questionnaires of ethical leadership of Kalshoven et al. (2011); organizational change of Mill (2003), political intelligence of Ferris et al. (2005) and cultural intelligence of Ang et al. (2007). Structural equation modeling and Lisrel8 software were also used to analyze the data. Findings showed that ethical leadership has a significant effect on organizational change and cultural intelligence, but this effect on political intelligence is not confirmed. The significant effect of cultural intelligence on organizational change is confirmed. Political intelligence has no significant effect on organizational change. Cultural intelligence has a mediating role in the relationship between ethical leadership and organizational change. Finally, the mediating role of political intelligence in the relationship between ethical leadership and organizational change is not confirmed.

Keywords


Abbaszaded, M., Boudaghi, A. (2014). The Effect of Ethical Leadership on Organizational Adaptive Capacity(The Case Study: Employees of Tabriz University). Journal of Public Administration, 6(2), 289-308. (In Persian).
Adams SM, Zanzi. A (2006).Developing political intelligence for making feasible decisions.Journal of management. Development. 25(4), 350–367.
 
Ahmadi, S., Safarzadeh, H., Hozoori, M., dehnavi, F. (2013). The Role of Cultural Intelligence of Managers on employees’ conflict resolution ability. Social Cognition, 2(1), 101-116. (In Persian).
 
Alon, I., & Higgins, J. M. (2005). Global leadership success through emotional and cultural intelligences. Business horizons48(6), 501-512.
Altahat, S. M., & Atan, T. (2018). Role of Healthy Work Environments in Sustainability of Goal Achievement; Ethical Leadership, Intention to Sabotage and Psychological Capital in Jordanian Universities. Sustainability10(10), 3559.
Ang, S, Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K.Y., J. Templer , K., Tray, C., & Chandrasekar , N.A. (2007). "Cultural Intelligence: Its Measurement and Effects on Cultural judgment and Decision Making Cultural Adaptation and Task Performance", Management and Organization Review, 3(3), 335-371.
 
Asanlu, B. & Khodami, S. (2014). Considering Effects of Cultural Intelligence on Culture Shock: Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Performance. scds. 2 (4), 75-96.
Asgarnezhad Nouri, B., Soltani, M., Beigi firoozi, A. (2021). Factors Affecting the Adoption of Electronic Banking Technology: A Meta-Analytic Approach. Management Research in Iran, 25(1), 184-214. (In Persian).
Asgarnezhad, B., Zarei, G., Hamidzadeh Arbabi, A., Beigi Firoozi, A. (2021). The Impact of Personal and Organizational Factors on Attitudes towards Co-Innovation in order to New Service Development in Banking Industry. Journal of Strategic Management Studies, 12(47), 229-249. (In Persian).
 
Fatima, A., & Muhammad Zahid. I. (2011). A research agenda on the leaders’ political intelligence for effective change management. African Journal of Business Management5(14), 5798-5806.
Bagheri, M., Kiani, M., & Tahamtani, M. (2019). The Relationship between Cultural Intelligence and Job Performance: the Mediating Role of Ethical Behavior. Ethics in Science and Technology. 2019; 14 (1), 35-42. (In Persian).
Bashokouh, M. & Beigi Firoozi. (2021). The Effect of Staff Cultural Intelligence on Hospital Organizational Culture, Faṣlnāmah-i akhlāq-i pizishkī - i.e., Quarterly Journal of Medical Ethics, 15 (46), 1-13. (In Persian).
 
Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational behavior and human decision processes97(2), 117-134.
Bulut, O., Quo, Q., & Gierl, M. J. (2017). A structural equation modeling approach for examining position effects in large-scale assessments. Large-scale Assessments in Education5(1), 1-20.
Chen, A. S. Y. (2015). CQ at work and the impact of intercultural training: An empirical test among foreign laborers. International Journal of Intercultural Relations47, 101-112.
 
Cheng, J. W., Chang, S. C., Kuo, J. H., & Cheung, Y. H. (2014). Ethical leadership, work engagement, and voice behavior. Industrial Management & Data Systems.
 
Chi, N.; Chang, H.; Huang, H.(2015). Can personality traits and daily positive mood buffer the harmful effects of daily negative mood on task performance and service sabotage? A self-control perspective. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process, 131, 1–15.
Cook, S., Macaulay, S., & Coldicott, H. (2004). Change Management Excellence. London ; Stirling, VA : Kogan Page.
Dargahi ,Hossein, Ehteshami, Fatemeh (2019). The Relationship Between Managers’ Political Intellegence and Employees’ Political Behavior: A Case Studdy in Tehran University of Medical Science, Journal of Advances in Social Science and Humanities ISSN - 2395-6542.
De Hoogh, A.H.B., Den Hartog, D.N. (2008); Ethical and Despotic Leadership, Relationships with Leader's Social esponsibility, op Management Team Effectiveness and Subordinates' Optimism: A Multi-Method Study, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 19, Isuue 3, pp. 297.311II.
Doustar, M., Mombeini, Y., Goodarzi, M. (2016). Investigating the Effect of Transformational Leadership on Organizational Changes with an Emphasis on the Mediating Role of Political Intelligence. Quarterly Journal of Public Organizations Management, 4(3), 85-104. (In Persian).
 
Doustar, M., Mambini, Y. (2014). Components and Functions of Political Intelligence. Bi-Quarterly Political Knowledge, 10(1), 65-86. (In Persian).
 
Downe, J., Cowell, R., & Morgan, K. (2016). What determines ethical behavior in public organizations: Is it rules or leadership?. Public administration review76(6), 898-909.
 
Eskandari, F., Samadi, A. (2016). Studying and Understanding the Impact of Cultural Intelligence on Organizational Health. Organizational Culture Management, 14(3), 809-828. (In Persian).
Esmaeil poor, R., Ramezani dastak, M. (2017). Explainingmediating Role of Cultural Intelligence in the Relationship Between Leadership Styles and Personality Traits in Managers of Guilan Province Public Organizations. Organizational Behaviour Studies Quarterly, 6(3), 169-189. (IN Persian).
 
Farazja, M., Khademi, M. (2011). The Relationship between Transformational and Transactional Leadership Styles, and the Attitude towards Organizational Change. The Journal of Modern Thoughts in Education, 6(4), 69-50. (In Persian).
Farndale, E., Biron, M., Briscoe, D. R., & Raghuram, S. (2015). A global perspective on diversity and inclusion in work organisations. The International Journal of Human Resource Management26(6), 677-687.
Ferris, G. R., Treadway, D. C., Kolodinsky, R. W., Hochwarter, W. A., Kacmar, C. J., Douglas, C., & Frink, D. D. (2005). Development and validation of the political skill inventory. Journal of management, 31(1), 126-152.
Groves, K. S., Feyerherm, A., & Gu, M. (2015). Examining cultural intelligence and cross-cultural negotiation effectiveness. Journal of Management Education39(2), 209-243.
Harati, M. (2016). The mediated role of cultural intelligence and communication skills related to communicative management to customer. Scientific Journal Of Organizational Behavior Management in Sport Studies, 3(3), 27-35. (In Persian).
Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic management journal, 20(2), 195-204.
Imai, L., & Gelfand, M. J. (2010). The culturally intelligent negotiator: The impact of cultural intelligence (CQ) on negotiation sequences and outcomes. Organizational behavior and human decision processes112(2), 83-98.
 
Judge, W. Q. (2011). Building organizational capacity for change: The leader's new mandate. Business Expert Press.
Kalshoven, K., Den Hartog, D. N., De Hoogh, A. H. (2011). Ethical leadership at work questionnaire (ELW): Development and validation of a multidimensional measure, The Leadership Quarterly, 22(1), 51-69.
Keng, F. T., Ruedy, N., Johnson, H. H., & Avolio, B. J. (2013). The Ethics of Change: The Effects of Authoritarian and Ethical Leadership on Organizational Change. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2013, No. 1, p. 17561). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management.
Keshavarz, L., Farahani, A., Shahrsabz, M. (2016). Regressive analysis of the political intelligence and the political behavior of the General Administration of Youth and Sport and the sport boards Managers’ in Fars Province. Scientific Journal Of Organizational Behavior Management in Sport Studies, 3(1), 23-30. (In Persian).
Khalegkhah, A., Najafi, H., & Hosseiny, R. (2019). Effect of Cultural Intelligence and Social Intelligence on Investigation Decision Making Style of Managers and Employees. Quarterly Social Psychology Research9(34), 83-102.
Kimhi ,Shaul, Oliel, Yarden,Okeke M.N., Oboreh, J.C, Nebolisa O. Esione, U.O.Chukwuemeka Odemegwu Ojukwu (2019), Change Management and Organizational Performance in Selected Manufacturing Companies in Anambra State, Nigeria, The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 6(05): 5437-5445.
 
Lugo, M. V. (2007). An examination of cultural and emotional intelligences in the development of global transformational leadership skills. Walden University.
Lupuleac ZL, Lupuleac S, Rusu C. (2012). Changing ethical behavior in times of economic crisis in organizations. Procedia Economics and Finance, (3), 921 – 927.
Mesrabadi, J., Jafariyan, S., & Ostovar, N. (2013). Discriminative and construct validity of meaning in life questionnaire for Iranian students. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences7(1), 83-90.
 
Mills, A. J. (2002). Studying the Gendering of Organizational Culture Over Time: Concerns, Issues and Strategies. Gender, Work & Organization, 9 (3), 286-307.
Mohammadbeigi, A., Mohammadsalehi, N., & Aligol, M. (2015). Validity and reliability of the instruments and types of measurments in health applied researches. Journal of rafsanjan university of medical sciences13(12), 1153-1170. (In Persian).
Mohammadkhani, K., Teimouri, V. (2011). Cultural Intelligence and Global Leadership. Strategic Studies of public policy, 2(2), 93-110. (In Persian).
 
Mombini, Y., Mombini, F., & Godarzi, M. (2013). Transformational leadership Theory Model Based on Political Intelligence. Police Organizational Development, 10(46), 37-60. (In Persian).
 
Moody, M. C. (2007). Adaptive behavior in intercultural environments: The relationship between cultural intelligence factors and big five personality traits (Doctoral dissertation, George Washington University).
Ng, K.-Y., Van Dyne, L., & Ang, S. (2012). Cultural intelligence: A review, reflections, and recommendations for future research. In A. M. Ryan, F. T. L. Leong, & F. L. Oswald (Eds.), Conducting multinational research: Applying organizational psychology in the workplace (pp. 29–58).
Orbell, J., Morikawa, T., & Allen, N. (2002). The evolution of political intelligence: Simulation results. British Journal of Political Science32(4), 613-639.
Ott, D. L., & Michailova, S. (2018). Cultural intelligence: A review and new research avenues. International Journal of Management Reviews20(1), 99-119.
Paul, Maya Larissa (2015) The Future of Organizational Change Management, 5th IBA Bachelor Thesis Conference, July 2nd, 2015, Enschede, The Netherlands. Copyright, University of Twente, Faculty of Management and overnance,p:1-21.
Ponnu, C. H., & Tennakoon, G. (2009). The Association Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Outcomes – the Malaysian Case, Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies, 14(12), 108-123.
 
Rajabi farjad, H., & jahangirii, H. (2021). The Impact of Cultural Intelligence on Employee Voice Considering the Mediation of Transformational Leadership. Transformation Management Journal, 12(2), 77-100. doi: 10.22067/tmj.2021.30671.0
Rahimi, H., Kazemi, Z., & Beigi Firoozi, A. (2021). The Effect of Sales Force Ethics on Organizational Identity: The Mediating Role of Organizational Happiness and Empathy. Ethics in Science and Technology. 15 (4), 181-185. (In Persian).
Reader, S. M., Hager, Y., & Laland, K. N. (2011). The evolution of primate general and cultural intelligence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences366(1567), 1017-1027.
Rockstuh, T., Seiler, S., Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Annen, H. (2011). Beyond general intelligence (IQ) and emotional intelligence (EQ): The role of cultural intelligence (CQ) on cross‐border leadership effectiveness in a globalized world. Journal of Social Issues67(4), 825-840.
Seyedalipour, S.K., & Asadi, R. (2016). Effect of municipal performance on quality of life (Case study: 6 Tehran Municipality staff). Territory, 13(50), 45-64. (In Persian).
 
Sharif, M.M. & Scandura, T.A. (2014). Do Perceptions of Ethical Conduct Matter During Organizational Change? Ethical Leadership and Employee Involvement. J Bus Ethics 124, 185–196.
 
Shin, Y., Sung, S. Y., Choi, J. N., Kim, M. S,. (2014), Top management ethical leadership and firm performance: Mediating role of ethical and procedural justice climate, Journal of Business Ethics, 129(1), 43-57.
Shoham, S., & Perry, M. (2009). Knowledge management as a mechanism for technological and organizational change management in Israeli universities. Higher education57(2), 227-246.
Shukurat, M., (2012). Impact of Ethical Leadership on Employee Job Performance, International Journal of Business and Social Science. Vol3, NO11.
 
Srinivas, S. & Andrew Patrick, H. (2018). Role of Organizational Cultural Intelligence and its Influence on Employee Job Satisfaction among Process Associates in Financial TNCs in Bangalore. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 119 (15), 1607-1617.
Tabatabaei, m. (2019). Study the role of emotional intelligence and cultural intelligence in the fields of organizational transformation tends. Journal of Innovation and Value Creation,7,105-116.  (In Persian).
Tabli, H., Faramarzi, A., & Moslehi, M. (2019). Explaining the role of emotional intelligence and political skills in the relationship between transformational leadership style of managers and job satisfaction of employees (Case study of Bandar Abbas Municipality). Urban Management, 14 (40), 237-248. (In Persian).
Taboli, H., Zakeri Afshar, V., Faramarzi, A., & Moslehi, M. (2016). An Investigation of The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence of Managers and Conflict Management with Mediating Role of Political Intelligence (Case Study: Bandar Abbas Oil Refining Compan), Journal IIOABJ | Vol. 7 | Suppl 3 | 484-490.
 
Taghizadeh, H., & Soltani, G. (2016). The Role of Identification & Ethical Beliefs of Employees at Functional Results of Ethical Leadership. Ethics in Science and Technology, 10 (4), 97-106. (In Persian).
Treadway DC, Hochwater, WA, Ferris GR, Kacmar CJ, Douglas C, Ammeter AP, Buckley RR. (2004). Leader political skill and employee reactions. Leadersh. Q., 15(4), 493-513.
Yang, Z., & Zhu, J. (2016). Charismatic leadership behavior and leadership effectiveness: The moderating role of subordinates’ emotional intelligence and the mediating role of psychological empowerment. Revista de cercetare si Interventie Sociala55, 158-184.
 
Yidong, T., & Xinxin, L. (2013). How ethical leadership influence employees’ innovative work behavior: A perspective of intrinsic motivation. Journal of business ethics116(2), 441-455.
Zeinalipour, H., Mirkamali, S. (2008). Designing and accrediting suitable organizational change management model for state comprehensive universities with focus on intra- organizational factors. Journal of Educational Scinces, 15 (3), 31-52. (In Persian).